1.Madness and Liberty. For a long time, certain forms of malancholia were considered specifically English; this was a fact in medicine and a constant in literature.
Montesquieu contrasted ROman suicide, which was a form of moral and political behaviour, the desired effect of a concerted efucation, with English suicide, which had to be considered as an illness "since the English kill themselves without any apparent reason for doing so; they kill themselves in the very lap of happiness." It is here that the milieu plays its role, for it happiness in the eighteenth century is part of the order of nature and reason, unhappiness, or at least whatever deters from happiness without reason, must be part of another order.

This order was sought first in the excesses of the climate, in nature's deviation from it's equilibrium and its happy mean (temperate climates are caused by nature; intemperate climates by the milieu). But this was not suffficient to explain la maladie anglaise; already Cheyne had declared that wealth, refined food, the abundance all the inhabitants enjoyed, the life of pleasure and ease the richest society led, were at the origin of such nervous disorders. Increasingly, a political and economic explanation was sought, in which wealth, progress, institutions appear as the determining element of madness. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Spurzheim made a synthesis of all these analyses in one of the last texts devoted to them.*
Madness, "more frequent in England than anywhere else," is merely the penalty of the liberty that reigns there, and of the wealth universally enjoyed. freedom of conscience entails more dangers than authority and despotism. "Religious sentiments....exist without restriction; every individual is entitled to preach to anyone who will listen to him," and by listening to such different opinions, "minds are disturbed in the search for truth." Dangers of indecision, of an irresolute attention, of a vacillating soul! The danger, too, of disputes of passions, of obstinacy: "Everything meets with opposition, and opposition excites the feelings; in religion, in politics, in science, as in everything, each man is permitted to form an opinion; but he must expect to meet with opposition."
Nor does so much liberty permit a man to master time; every man is left to his own uncertainty, and the State abandons all to their fluctuations: "The English are a nation of merchants; a mind always occupied with speculations is continually agitated by fear and hope. Egotism, the soul of commerce, easily becomes envious and summons other faculties to it's aid." Beside, this liberty is far from the true natural liberty: on all sides it is constrained and harried by demands opposed to the most legitimate desires of individuals: this is the liberty of interests, of coalitions, of financial combinations, not of man, not of minds and hearts.
For financial reasons, families are here more tyrannical than anywhere else: only wealthy girls are able to marry; "the others are reduced to other means of satisfaction that ruin the body and derange the manifestations of the soul. The same cause favors libertinage, which predisposes to madness." A merchantile liberty thus appears as the element in which opinion can never arrive at the truth, in which the immediate is necessarily subject to contradiction, in which time escapes the mastery and certainty of the seasons, in which man is dispossessed of his desire by the laws of interest. In short, liberty, far from putting man in possession of himself, ceaselessly alienates him from his essence and his world; it fascinates him in the absolute exteriority of other people and of money, the irreversible interiority of passion and unfulfilled desire. Between man and the happiness of a world in which he recognizes himself, between man and a nature in which he finds his truth, the liberty of the mercantile state is "milieu": and to this very degree it is the determining element of madness.

When Spurzheim was writing--at the height of the Holy Alliance, during the restoration of the authoritarian monarchies--liberalism was readily blamed for all the sins of the world's madness: "It is singular to see that man's greatest desire, which is his personal liberty, has it's disadvantages as well." But for us, the point of such an analysis is not it's critique of liberty, but it's very employment of the notion that designates for Spurzheim the non-natural milieu in which the psychological and physiological mechanisms of madness are favored, amplified and multiplied.

lol, he sounds like KOTG.
Give up on freedom and searching for truth and obey your masters for your own good .